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James Westward Pennebaker
Professor — Ph.D., Academy of Texas at Austin
Regents Centennial Professor
Interests
Natural language and social beliefs; group processes and educational outcomes; how individuals, groups, and cultures answer to traumatic events
Biography
Dr. Pennebaker does not plan any doctoral students for Fall.
James W. Pennebaker is the Regents Centennial Professor of Liberal Arts and Professor of Psychology. He and his students are exploring natural language use, group dynamics, and personality in both laboratory and real world settings. His earlier work on expressive writing found that concrete health and work operation can improve past simple writing and/or talking exercises. His cross-disciplinary research is related to linguistics, clinical and cognitive psychology, communications, medicine, and calculator scientific discipline. Author or editor of 12 books and over 300 articles, Pennebaker has received numerous enquiry and teaching awards and honors.
Personal Information
Born: Midland, Texas
Married to Ruth Burney Pennebaker
Children: Teal Pennebaker and Nick Pennebaker
Education
B.A. Eckerd College, 1972 with honors
Ph.D. University of Texas at Austin, 1977
Positions
| 2009-present | Regents Centennial Professor of Liberal Arts |
| 2016-2018 | Executive Managing director, Project 2021, and Special Counselor to the Provost |
| 2005-2014 | Chair of Psychology Section, Academy of Texas at Austin |
| 2005-2010 | International Research Professor, University of Central Lancashire, Great britain |
| 1997-nowadays | Professor of Psychology, Academy of Texas at Austin |
| 1983-1997 | Acquaintance and Total Professor, Southern Methodist University |
| Chair of Psychology Department, Southern Methodist University | |
| 1977-1983 | Assistant Professor of Psychology, Academy of Virginia |
Courses
PSY 194Q • Text Analysis Workshop-Wb
42230 • Leap 2022
Meets M five:00PM-6:30PM
Internet; Synchronous
PSY 394V • Text Analysis/Social Media
43290 • Fall 2021
Meets M 5:00PM-seven:30PM Ocean 3.250
PSY 194Q • Text Analysis Workshop-Wb
43005 • Bound 2021
Meets One thousand 5:30PM-7:00PM
Net; Synchronous
PSY 394V • Readings In Text Analysis-Wb
43045 • Bound 2021
Meets W 4:00PM-6:30PM
Internet; Synchronous
PSY 394V • Text Analysis/Social Media-Wb
41679 • Fall 2020
Meets G five:00PM-8:00PM
Internet; Synchronous
PSY 394V • Text Analysis/Social Media
42764 • Jump 2019
Meets M vi:00PM-7:30PM SEA 5.106
PSY 194Q • Text Analysis For Soc Scien
42557 • Bound 2016
Meets 1000 half dozen:00PM-7:30PM Bounding main 3.250
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
42160 • Fall 2015
Meets TTH one:00PM-2:30PM SEA two.114
SB
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
42170 • Fall 2015
Meets TTH 3:30PM-5:00PM
Two-way Interactive Video
SB
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
43545 • Autumn 2014
Meets TTH i:00PM-2:30PM Bounding main ii.114
SB
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
43551 • Fall 2014
Meets TTH 3:30PM-5:00PM
Two-way Interactive Video
SB
PSY 394V • Text Analysis Of Literature
44370 • Spring 2014
Meets One thousand iii:00PM-6:00PM SEA iv.242
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
43610-43612 • Autumn 2013
Meets TTH 6:00PM-7:30PM
Two-way Interactive Video
SB
PSY 394V • Language And Social Processes
43695 • Jump 2013
Meets One thousand iii:00PM-6:00PM SEA one.332
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
43135-43150 • Autumn 2012
Meets TTH ii:00PM-3:30PM BUR 106
SB
PSY 394V • Smnr In Socl & Personality Psy
43520 • Bound 2012
Meets Westward 4:00PM-7:00PM SEA 1.332
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
43035-43045 • Autumn 2011
Meets TTH two:00PM-3:30PM BUR 106
SB
PSY 394V • Linguistic communication And Social Processes
44050 • Spring 2011
Meets M three:00PM-6:00PM SEA four.242
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
42995 • Fall 2010
Meets TTH 2:00PM-3:30PM BUR 106
SB
PSY 394V • Words And Social Processes
43472 • Bound 2009
Meets T two:30PM-5:30PM Ocean 4.242
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
44045 • Fall 2008
Meets TTH iii:30PM-5:00PM BUR 106
SB
PSY 394V • Curr Tpcs In Social-Pers Psy
44330 • Spring 2008
Meets W v:00PM-eight:00PM Sea 3.250
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
44900 • Fall 2007
Meets TTH iii:30PM-five:00PM BUR 106
SB
PSY 394V • Psychosomatic Processes
43965 • Leap 2007
Meets TTH iii:30PM-5:00PM Body of water two.224
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
44675 • Fall 2006
Meets TTH 3:30PM-five:00PM BUR 106
SB
PSY 394V • Spec Tpcs In Biolinguistics
45150 • Autumn 2006
Meets W viii:00AM-eleven:00AM Body of water 4.402
PSY 394V • Personality And Linguistic communication
43305 • Spring 2006
Meets T 8:30AM-eleven:30AM Sea two.224
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
42815 • Fall 2005
Meets MW 3:00PM-4:30PM JES A121A
SB
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
42370 • Fall 2004
Meets MW 3:30PM-5:00PM BUR 106
SB
PSY 394V • Personality And Linguistic communication
42855 • Fall 2004
Meets M 8:00AM-xi:00AM SEA 2.224
PSY 394V • Curr Tpcs In Social-Pers Psy
40295 • Spring 2004
Meets Chiliad five:00PM-8:00PM SEA 5.106
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
40933 • Fall 2003
Meets MW three:30PM-5:00PM BUR 106
SB
PSY 394V • Personality And Language
41408 • Fall 2003
Meets Chiliad 8:30AM-11:30AM SEA 3.430B
PSY 394V • Psychosomatic Processes
40565 • Leap 2003
Meets MW three:30PM-5:00PM SEA 5.106
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
40730 • Autumn 2002
Meets MW three:30PM-5:00PM BUR 106
SB
PSY 394V • Social Psychol Of Language Use
41380 • Fall 2001
Meets M ii:00PM-5:00PM CAL 419
PSY 394V • Psychosomatic Processes
40200 • Spring 2001
Meets TTH 9:30AM-11:00AM BEN 318
PSY 394V • Curr Tpcs In Social-Pers Psy
40205 • Spring 2001
Meets F 3:00PM-half dozen:00PM BEN 318
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
40655 • Fall 2000
Meets MW 3:30PM-5:00PM BUR 106
SB
PSY 341K • Health Psychology-W
39350 • Jump 2000
Meets TTH iii:30PM-5:00PM BEN 130
C2
This lecture course is designed to provide students with an agreement of the process of braindevelopment from embryogenesis through adulthood with emphasis on the part of the environment in directing this process. Initial lectures will focus on the origins of the key nervous system, including topics such equally the arrangement of the brain, neurogenesis, cellular differentiation, migration and targeting of neurons, synapse formation and refinement of the nervous arrangement. In the second half of the course, lectures will focus on the infant brain and the role of experiences during infancy in modifying encephalon office. Topics volition also include recent advances in our understanding of the role of cistron-environment interactions and epigenetic programming and shaping brain development. Finally, the adaptive vs. maladaptive outcomes of environmental modifications to the nervous system will be discussed. Throughout the course, students will be guided through examples of how changes in the developing nervous system pb to behavioral patterns both in infancy and adulthood.
PSY 394V • Psychosomatic Processes
39585 • Spring 2000
Meets TTH 8:00AM-9:30AM MEZ 402
Honors & Grants
| Honors | |
| 2016 | APA Distinguished Contributions to Applications in Psychology |
| 2015 | Innovations in Methodology Award, Lodge of Personality and Social Psychology |
| 2014 | President, Society for Personality and Social Psychology |
| 2012 | Hamilton Book Chiliad Prize Award, Academy of Texas at Austin |
| 2010 | University of Distinguished Teachers |
| 2008 | Dads' Clan Centennial Education Fellowship |
| 2006-present | ISI HighlyCited.com selection for being among the most cited researchers in Psychology/Psychiatry |
| 2004 | Hero of Midland, Texas Award, Midland Independent School District |
| 2002 | Outstanding Contributions to Health Psychology (APA Division 38) |
| 2002 | Freshman Honour Societies Teaching Award, University of Texas |
| 2000 | President's Associates University Teaching Award, University of Texas |
| 1995 | Pavlov Honor, The Pavlov Lodge |
| 1993 | Honorary Doctorate Degree, University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium |
| 1989 | Hilgard Visiting Professor, Stanford University |
| Grants | |
| 2019-2023 | Templeton Foundation, Tracking and understanding the furnishings of transformative events in people's lives (coPI) |
| 2018-2021 | NSF grant, Sensor-based Assessment of Behavioral Lifestyles and Experiences (coPI) |
| 2018-2020 | FBI funding, Arch of narratives in natural language use (PI) |
| 2015-2018 | NSF grant, Ambulatory monitoring to understand learning (coPI) |
| 2015-2018 | Templeton Foundation, Assessing values and behaviors using large data (coPI) |
| 2013-2017 | NSF grant and farm. Natural language and values, $600,000. Co-PI |
| 2013-2016 | Regular army Enquiry Establish Language and group dynamics, $500,000. PI |
| 2010-2013 | NSF grant and subcontract. Social and language cues in threatening behavior, $500,000. Co-PI |
| 2010-2011 | DOD and DIA contract. The language of secrets in electronic communication, $300,000. PI |
| 2009-2011 | DHS contract. The language of extremist leaders, $600,000. PI |
| 2007-2011 | Army Inquiry Institute, Language and social dynamics, $450,000, PI |
| 2007-2008 | DOD and CIFA contract, Viewing text through English and Arabic optics, $300,000, PI |
| 2005-2006 | NSF Grant, Language and charade workshop, $59,000, PI |
| 2005-2006 | DOD Contract, Timing of expressive writing exercises, $28,000, PI |
| 2000-2006 | NIMH Grant, Interpersonal disclosure processes and health, $ane,600,000, PI |
| 1996-2000 | NIMH Grant, Interpersonal disclosure processes and wellness, $320,000, PI |
| 1994-1997 | NSF Grant, Disclosure, language, and health, $80,000, PI |
| 1991-1994 | NSF Grant, Knowledge, disclosure and health, $149,000, PI |
| 1989-1991 | NSF grant, The psychological consequences of the 1989 California earthquake, $fourteen,919, PI |
| 1987-1989 | NSF grant, Inhibition, disclosing, and health, $89,717, PI |
| 1984-1987 | NIH grant, Perception of concrete symptoms and blood pressure, $183,415, PI |
| 1980-1981 | NSF grant, Psychological impact of Mt. St. Helens Volcano, with Darren Newtson, $10,000 |
Publications
Selected Publications
Ashokkumar, A., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2021). Social media conversations reveal large psychological shifts caused by COVID-19's onset across U.S. cities. Science Advances, September 22, 2021, doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg7843. Analyses of city-level SubReddits and national surveys track the social, emotional, and cognitive changes that occurred in the U.S. in the years before to 3 months afterward the onset of COVID-nineteen. Click hither for supplemental material.
Boyd, R.Fifty., Blackburn, K.Yard., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2020). The narrative arc: Revealing core narrative structures through text analysis. Science Advances, Baronial vii, 2020, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aba2196. Past analyzing function and cognitive words, we identify the common fingerprints of novels, movies, and other genres of fiction. Picket the five-minute video and analyze your ain text to see if it adheres to a traditional narrative structure.
Boyd, R.L., & Pennebaker, J.Westward. (2015). Did Shakespeare write Double Falsehood? Identifying individuals by creating psychological signatures with text analysis. Psychological Science, online version April viii, doi:10.1177/0956797614566658. Using LIWC, pregnant extraction, and machine learning, it is possible to build a smart approach to author identification.
Boyd, R.L., Wilson, S.R., Pennebaker, J.West., Kosinki, Thousand., Stillwell, D.J., & Mihalcea, R. (2015). Values in words: Using linguistic communication to evaluate and empathise personal values. Proceedings of the Ninth International AAAI conference on Spider web and Social Media. We developed language-based value algorithms that were applied to 130K Facebook status updates that predicted value-based behaviors better than cocky-reported values.
Chung, C.K. & Pennebaker, J.W. (2008). Revealing dimensions of thinking in open-ended self-descriptions: An automated meaning extraction method for natural linguistic communication. Periodical of Research in Personality, 46, 96-132. By using a factor analytic method on content-related words, information technology is possible to extract meaning from samples of text files. These language dimensions are linked to personality.
Cohn, Grand.A., Mehl, M.R., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2004). Linguistic markers of psychological change surrounding September 11, 2001. Psychological Science, 15, 687-693. An assay of over 1000 people who wrote online journals in the weeks before and after September eleven.
Davison, 1000.P, Pennebaker, J.W., & Dickerson, S.S. (2000). Who talks? The social psychology of disease back up groups. American Psychologist, 55, 205-217. An analysis of internet and real earth support groups for 20 different diseases.
Ireland, Grand.Eastward., Slatcher, R.B., Eastwick, P.West., Scissors, Fifty.E., Finkel, E.J., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2011). Language manner matching predicts relationship initiation and stability. Psychological Science, online version, December xiii, 2010. doi:ten.1177/0956797610392928. Two studies demonstrate that linguistic communication style matching in the natural conversation of couples in speed dating predicts future dating behavior and, in instant messaging betwixt young dating couples, predicts the stability of the relationship three months afterward.
Hashemite kingdom of jordan, K.Northward., Sterling, J., Pennebaker, J.Due west., & Boyd, R.L. (2019). Examining long-term trends in politics and civilization through linguistic communication of political leaders and cultural institutions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), online version, Feb eleven, 2019. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/ten.1073/pnas.1811987116. The analysis of the language of political leaders in the U.S. and other major English language-speaking democracies reveals a 200-twelvemonth trend of simpler language delivered with increasing conviction. Trump is not the outlier many believed.
Kacewicz, E., Pennebaker, J.W., Davis, M., Moongee, J., & Graesser, A.C. (2013). Pronoun use reflects standings in social hierarchies. Journal of Linguistic communication and Social Psychology, 33, 125-143. doi: 10.1177/0261927X1350265. Five studies demonstrate that high status people employ I-words less and yous-words and nosotros-words more lower-status individuals.
Linguist Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC2015). The LIWC2015 computer text assay program is an updated version of LIWC2001 and LIWC2007. The actual program can exist purchased from www.liwc.net. However, the ii manuals are available hither:
- Pennebaker, J.W., Boyd, R.L., Jordan, K., & Blackburn, K. (2015). The development and psychometrics of LIWC2015. Pennebaker Conglomerates: Austin, TX.
- Pennebaker, J.West., Booth, R.J., Boyd, R.50., & Francis, M.E. (2015). Operator's manual to LIWC2015. Pennebaker Conglomerates: Austin, TX.
Mehl, M.R. & Pennebaker, J.W. (2003). The social dynamics of a cultural upheaval: Social interactions surrounding September eleven, 2001. Psychological Science, 14, 579-585. An assay of 11 people who wore the EAR prior to and for 10 days after September 11.
Mehl, M.R., Vazire, S., Ramirez-Esparza, N., Slatcher, R.B., & Pennebaker, J.West. (2007). Are women actually more talkative than men? Science, 316, 82.Across six EAR studies with college students in the U.S. and Mexico, tape-recorded conversations over several days reveal that both men and women say most 16,000 words per day. Women and men don't differ in talking rates.
Newman, G.Fifty., Groom, C.J., Handelman, Fifty.D., & Pennebaker, J.Due west. (2008). Gender differences in linguistic communication utilise: An analysis of 14,000 text samples. Soapbox Processes, 45, 211-236. Women and men employ langauge differently and talk about unlike things. Women use words that reverberate social concerns; men refer to more than physical objects and impersonal topics.
Newman, M.L., Pennebaker, J.Westward., Berry, D.Southward., & Richards, J.M. (2003). Lying words: Predicting deception from linguistic style. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 665-675. An analysis of 5 studies where participants lied and/or told the truth. Truth-tellers use more 1st person singular words, markers of cognitive complexity, and fewer negative emotion words.
Pennebaker, J.W. (1994). Hints on running a writing experiment. Unpublished transmission. This is a general how-to transmission that volition help the individual in designing a disclosure experiment -- with particular attending to measurement.
Pennebaker, J.Due west. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic procedure. Psychological Science, eight, 162-166. A brief overview of the nature of the writing epitome and its furnishings on physical health.
Pennebaker, J.Due west. (1982). The psychology of physical symptoms. New York: Springer-Verlag. Warning: This is very big file since it is the entire book that is now out of print.
Pennebaker, J.W. (2003). Social physics: The metaphorical application of principles of physics to social beliefs. Unpublished manuscript, Academy of Texas at Austin. A short position paper near the idea of social physics. The central idea is that the ways humans and other organisms use space tin can exist modeled by applying Newtonian rules of gravity, mass, motion, etc.
Pennebaker, J.W. & Beall, S.K. (1986). Confronting a traumatic event: Toward an understanding of inhibition and disease. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 274-281. The kickoff experiment on expressive writing. A archetype.
Pennebaker, J.W. & Chung, C.Yard. (2011). Expressive writing and its links to mental and physical health. In H. Friedman (Ed.), Oxford handbook of health psychology. New York , NY : Oxford. A general summary of expressive writing research.
Pennebaker, J.West., Chung, C.K., Frazee, J., Lavergne, M.M., & Beaver, D.I. (2014). When minor words foretell bookish success: The case of college admissions essays. PLoS 1 9(12): e115844. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115844. Introduces the CDI or categorical-dynamic index to predict course point boilerplate from admissions essays four years afterwards.
Pennebaker, J.W., & Gonzales, A. (2008). Making history: Social and psychological processes underlying collective memory. In J.5. Wertsch and P. Boyer (Eds.), Collective memory (pp. 110-129). New York: Cambridge University Press. An analysis of the ways major cultural events are remembered, forgotten, and changed in the days, weeks, years, and decades after their occurrence.
Pennebaker, J.W., Gosling, Southward.D., & Ferrell, J.D. (2013). Daily online testing in large classes: Boosting college functioning while reducing accomplishment gaps. PLoS ONE, Nov xx, 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.007977. An in-class online software organization was developed that immune for 901 students to have daily form criterion quzzes. In comparison with traditionally-taught and graded exams past the same instructors, students performed improve in the psychology class likewise as the other classes they took that semester and the subsequent semester. Differences in the functioning of upper-middle and lower-heart class students were reduced.
Pennebaker, J.W., Kiecolt-Glaser, J., & Glaser, R. (1988). Disclosure of traumas and immune function: Health implications for psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 239-245. The get-go writing study to demonstrate that disclosure of emotional upheavals can influence allowed role.
Pennebaker, J.W. & King, L.A. (1999). Linguistic styles: Language use equally an individual difference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1296-1312. A series of studies that reveal how language utilize reflects personality, health, and social behaviors.
Pennebaker, J.West., Mehl, Grand.R., & Niederhoffer, K. (2003). Psychological aspects of tongue use: Our words, our selves. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 547-577. A general review of text analysis approaches in the social sciences -- with primary attention to word count strategies. This all-encompassing literature review besides summarizes work linking pronouns, prepositions, and other particles to social, personality, and clinical psychology.
Pennebaker, J.Due west., Paez, D., Deschamps, J.C., Rentfrow, J., Davis, M., Techio, E.1000., Slawuta, P., Zlobina, A., & Zubieta, E. (2006). The social psychology of history: Defining the nearly important events of the terminal 10, 100, and thou years. Psicologia Politica, 32, 15-32. A summary of a large cross-cultural project wherein students reported on meaning national and cultural events.
Petrie, K.J., Pennebaker, J.W., & Sivertsen, B. (2008). The things nosotros said today: A linguistic assay of the Beatles. Psychology of Aesthetics, Inventiveness, and the Arts, ii, 197-202. A language analysis of the history of the Beatles, including a comparison of the lyrics of Paul McCartney, John Lennon, and George Harrison.
Ramirez-Esparza, N., Gosling, Due south.D., Benet-Martinez, V., Potter, J., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2005). Practice bilinguals have two personalities? A special case of frame switching. Journal of Research in Personality. When bilinguals switch languages, their personalities subtly change.
Roberts, T.A. & Pennebaker, J.Westward. (1995). Women's and men'southward strategies in perceiving internal country. In K. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 27 (pp 143-176). New York: Academic Press. Women and men perceive their bodies, symptoms, and physical health differently. We propose that women rely more on external situational cues relative to men.
Shah, M., Seraj, South., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2021). Climate deprival fuels climate modify discussions more local climate-related disasters. Frontiers in Psychology, August, 26,2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.682057. The subReddits of six U.S. cities that had faced a climate upheaval (e.g., hurricane, wildfire) were analyzed based on their levels of engagement surrounding climate change. Rates of climate modify discussion were higher in response to national political events associated with climate-denying movements than in response to climate-related events in their own communities.
Seraj, S., Blackburn, K.1000., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2021). Language left behind on social media exposes the emotional and cognitive costs of a romantic breakup. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, February xvi, 2021,118 (7) e2017154118. An assay of the Reddit postings of over vi,000 people who underwent emotional breakups. Clues from their written linguistic communication pointed to impending breakups three months earlier they occurred and showed emotional aftereffects for more 6 months afterwards.
Slatcher, R.B. & Pennebaker, J.Due west. (2006). How do I dearest thee? Let me count the words: The social furnishings of expressive writing. Psychological Science, 17, 660-664. A study using expressive writing that finds that people who write nigh their relationship are more probable to remain in that relationship. Also, the analysis of Instant Messages (IMs) finds that certain word-use patterns correlates with human relationship success.
Tausczik, Y., & Pennebaker, J.West. (2010). The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. Periodical of Language and Social Psychology, 29, 24-54. A broad summary of the LIWC dimensions and how they are related to various psychological states. A must read for the LIWC researcher.
Tausczik, Y.R., & Pennebaker, J.Due west. (2013). Improving teamwork using existent-time language feedback. CHI 2013, ACM 978-one-4503-1899-0/xiii/04. Pocket-size online working groups received real-time feedback based on figurer analyses of their linguistic communication use.
Tellakat, M., Boyd, R.Fifty., & Pennebaker, J.Due west. (2019). How do online learners study? The psychometrics of students' clicking patterns in online classes. PlosONE, March 25, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213863. In two large online introductory psychology classes, the ways students accessed study materials outside form strongly predicted course performance. What they studied, when they studied, and their SAT scores deemed for xl% of the overall variance in form grades.
Vine, Five., Boyd, R.L., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2020). Natural emotion vocabularies as windows on distress and well-being.Nature Communication,xi,4525 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18349-0. Two large studies with 1,500 higher students and 35,000 weblog authors measured people's use of emotion words in open-concluded text. Counter to pop belief, richer and more various negative emotion categories were associated with not bad distress, higher rates of illness, and poorer aligning.
Watson, D. & Pennebaker, J.Westward. (1989). Wellness complaints, stress, and illness: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychological Review, 96, 234-254. Cocky-reports of stress and physical symptoms are oft colored by people's general Negative Affectivity (NA) or neuroticism.
Writing & Wellness
Writing and Wellness: Some Practical Advice
Writing about emotional upheavals in our lives tin ameliorate concrete and mental wellness. Although the scientific research surrounding the value of expressive writing is however in the early on phases, there are some approaches to writing that take been found to be helpful. Go on in mind that there are probably a thousand ways to write that may be benign to you lot. Think of these equally rough guidelines rather than Truth. Indeed, in your ain writing, experiment on your own and see what works best.
Getting Ready to Write
Discover a time and place where you won't be disturbed. Ideally, choice a time at the end of your workday or before you go to bed.
Promise yourself that you will write for a minimum of 15 minutes a solar day for at to the lowest degree 3 or 4 sequent days.
In one case you begin writing, write continuously. Don't worry about spelling or grammar. If yous run out of things to write about, only repeat what you have already written.
You can write longhand or yous can type on a computer. If you lot are unable to write, y'all can too talk into a tape recorder.
You can write about the same thing on all iii-four days of writing or you tin write well-nigh something unlike each day. It is entirely upwards to yous.
What to Write About
Something that you are thinking or worrying about too much
Something that you lot are dreaming well-nigh
Something that you lot feel is affecting your life in an unhealthy way
Something that you have been avoiding for days, weeks, or years
In our research, nosotros generally give people the following instructions for writing: Many people have not had a unmarried traumatic experience but all of united states of america have had major conflicts or stressors in our lives and you can write about them as well. You can write about the aforementioned issue every day or a series of different issues. Whatever you choose to write about, however, information technology is disquisitional that you really allow get and explore your very deepest emotions and thoughts
Over the adjacent four days, I want you lot to write almost your deepest emotions and thoughts about the most upsetting experience in your life. Actually let become and explore your feelings and thoughts about it. In your writing, you might tie this feel to your childhood, your relationship with your parents, people y'all have loved or love now, or even your career. How is this experience related to who you would like to become, who y'all take been in the by, or who you are now?
Warning: Many people report that later writing, they sometimes feel somewhat sad or depressed. Similar seeing a sad movie, this typically goes away in a couple of hours. If you find that you are getting extremely upset about a writing topic, simply terminate writing or change topics.
What to do with your Writing Samples
The writing is for you and for y'all only. Their purpose is for you to exist completely honest with yourself. When writing, secretly plan to throw abroad your writing when you are finished. Whether yous keep it or relieve it is really upwardly to you.
Some people keep their samples and edit them. That is, they gradually modify their writing from 24-hour interval to twenty-four hours. Others simply proceed them and return to them over and over again to see how they have changed.
Here are some other options:
Burn them. Erase them. Shred them. Affluent them. Tear them into piddling pieces and toss them into the ocean or let the wind accept them abroad. Eat them (not recommended).
Some References for Writing, Journaling, or Diaries
A video of the original writing method can be seen by clicking here.
There are some outstanding books past people who accept an intuitive and applied approach to writing. Each author approaches journaling or diary writing in very different ways. Check the various books out and see what works best for you.
Adams, Kathleen (1998). The Way of the Periodical : A Journal Therapy Workbook for Healing. Sidron Press.
Baldwin, Christina (1992). One to One : Self-Understanding Through Journal Writing. Evans Publisher
DeSalvo, Louise A. (2000). Writing Every bit a Style of Healing : How Telling Our Stories Transforms Our Lives. Beacon Press.
Fox, John (1997). Poetic Medicine : The Healing Art of Poem-Making. Tarcher Press
Goldberg, Natalie and Guest, Judith (1986). Writing Downward the Bones : Freeing the Writer Within. Shambhala Press.
Jacobs, Beth (2005). Writing for Emotional Balance, New Harbinger Publishers.
Pennebaker, James W. (1997). Opening Upwards: The Healing Power of Expressing Emotion. NY: Guilford Printing.
Pennebaker, J.W. & Smyth, J.M. (2016). Opening Upward by Writing it Downwardly. NY: Guilford Printing.
Pennebaker, J.West. & Evans, J.F. (2014). Expressive Writing: Words that Heal. Enumclaw, WA: Idyll Arbor.
Pennebaker, J.W. (2004). Writing to Heal: A Guided Journal for Recovering from Trauma and Emotional Upheaval. Denver, CO: Center for Periodical Therapy.
Rainer, Tristine (1979). The New Diary : How to Use a Journal for Self-Guidance and Expanded Creativity. Tarcher
Explorations into Language
The Globe of Words
The words we utilise reflect who we are. Discussion selection tin serve as a primal to people'southward personality and social situations. Since the mid-1990s, my students, colleagues, and I accept been exploring the psychology of word use. Earlier reading further, you might want to try i or more brief demonstrations that will requite you an appreciation of language use, measurement, and personality.
Demonstration i: The basic text analysis using the LIWC computer program. This asks you lot to reply to a traditional TAT moving-picture show. The feedback is fairly wide.
Demonstration 2: Using a new method that we telephone call the significant extraction method, we are able to get LIWC to analyze people's personality along a completely new set of dimensions.
Demonstration three: Using the meaning extraction strategy, the reckoner can give you feedback about the means yous see the world depending on how you lot describe something as simple every bit a bottle.
Sit-in 4: Applying both LIWC and the pregnant extraction method, we have developed an interesting way to analyze people'due south Twitter feeds. If you have a twitter handle, just enter one and you go feedback about that particular person. If you don't have 1, endeavor BarackObama for a demonstration.
What words should we pay attending to?
Very broadly, at that place are two types of words: content and mode. Content words include nouns, regular verbs, and most adjectives and adverbs. Mode words include pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, and auxiliary verbs. The content words tell united states of america what a person is saying; style words convey how they are maxim it.
Style words, and so, tin be powerful indicators of people's psychological states. They require a certain social skill to both use and translate. In a conversation, if one person refers to "her table", both people must remember who the "her" is. Similarly, the difference betwixt "a table" and "the tabular array" conveys a subtle difference in the relationship betwixt the speaker and the tabular array in question.
What can the analysis of words tell us about people?
For starters, style-related words can signal bones social and demographic categories, such every bit:
- Sexual practice. In full general, women tend to apply more pronouns and references to other people; men are more than likely to use articles, prepositions, and big words.
- Age. As people get older, they tend to refer to themselves less, apply more than positive emotion and fewer negative emotion words. Older people also use more time to come tense and fewer past tense verbs.
- Social class. The higher the social course, the less likely 1 uses 1st person singular pronouns and the less ane uses emotion words.
Style-related words can also reveal basic social and personality processes, including:
- Lying vs telling the truth. When people tell the truth, they are more like to employ 1st person singular pronouns. They also use more exclusive words like except, just, without, excluding. Words such as this signal that a person is making a distinction betwixt what they did do and what they didn't do. Liars have a problem with such complex ideas.
- Dominance in a conversation. Analyze the relative use of the discussion "I" betwixt two speakers in an interaction. Usually, the college status speaker will use fewer "I" words.
- Social bonding after a trauma. In the days and weeks after a cultural upheaval, people get more self-less (less use of "I") and more than oriented towards others (increased use of "we").
- Depression and suicide-proneness. Public figures speaking in press conferenecs and published poets in their poetry use more than 1st person singular when they are depressed or prone to suicide.
- Testosterone levels. In 2 instance studies, it was found that when people'due south testosterone levels increased speedily, they dropped in their use of references to other people.
- Basic self-reported personality dimensions. Multiple studies are now showing that fashion-related words exercise much better than run a risk at distinguishing people who are high or depression in the Big Five dimensions of personality: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
- Consumer patterns. Past knowing people'due south linguistic styles, nosotros are able to predict (at reasonable rates), their music and radio station preference, liking for various consumer goods, car preferences, etc.
- And much, much more.
What is the best fashion to measure words?
LIWC, of course. The figurer program Linguistic Research and Discussion Count, or LIWC, has been in evolution in our lab since the mid-1990s. LIWC analyzes individual text files and computes the percent of words in each text file fall into each of 70+ linguistic categories.
Some of the categories that are measured include:
- Emotion-related words
- General positive emotions
- Optimism
- Full general negative emotions
- Sadness
- Anger
- Anxiety
- Cognitive process words
- Causation
- Cocky-reflection (realize, understand)
- Inhibition
- Self-discrepancies (would, should, could)
- Social processes
- Physical issues
- Torso
- Sex activity
- Eating
- Current concerns
- Work and school
- Metaphysical bug (religion, death)
- Home and leisure activities
- Linguistic style markers
- Pronouns
- Prepositions
- Articles
Is LIWC bachelor for the general public?
Yes. You tin either purchase information technology online (world wide web.liwc.internet) or I would exist happy to analyze your text files for free. All I ask in return is the correct to keep a copy of your files to add to my growing text archive of over 500,000 files. Indeed, if you would similar to analyze some of the archived text as function of some other project, contact me.
To learn more about LIWC, yous can read a detailed clarification online or download the transmission which is in pdf format. Besides, feel free to browse and/or download several of our recent papers on language utilize by clicking on one of the buttons beneath:
Check out the LIWC site online
Download the LIWC manual
For those who would like a very practiced overview of LIWC and the pregnant of words, bank check out:
Tausczik, Y., & Pennebaker, J.Due west. (2010). The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. Journal of Linguistic communication and Social Psychology, in printing.
Helpful Questionnaires
The following questionnaires are available for research utilize. Feel gratuitous to download and use them equally needed. (*indicates an adobe acrobat pdf file).
*The Pennebaker Inventory of Limbic Languidness (the PILL). From Pennebaker, J.West. (1982). The psychology of physical symptoms. New York: Springer-Verlag. This is a 54-detail scale taps the frequency of occurrence of a group of common physical symptoms and sensations. Cronbach alphas range from .88 to .91; two-calendar month exam-retest reliability range from .79 to .83. The PILL can be scored by summing upwards the full number of items on which individuals score C, D, or Eastward (every month or so or higher). With this strategy, the mean score is 17.ix (SD=4.v) based on a sample of 939 college students. You can also simply sum up the 54 items resulting in a hateful score of 112.7 (SD=24.7).
*************Take the PILL online. Once you complete the questionnaire, you volition get feedback nigh your score relative to others.***************
*The Higher Aligning Exam (Cat). From Pennebaker, J.West., Colder, Thousand., & Abrupt, L.K. (1990). Accelerating the coping process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 528-537. This 19-detail survey taps the degree to which students take experienced a variety of thoughts and feelings about being in higher. Cronbach alpha = .79; 2-mo test-retest = .65. 3 stable factors have emerged that tap general negative touch on, positive affect or optimism, and home sickness. You have my permission to use this questionnaire in any way you like.
*The SMU Health Questionnaire (SMUHQ). From Watson, D., & Pennebaker, J.W. (1989). Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the primal role of Negative Affectivity. Psychological Review, 96, 234-254. This 63-item symptom and illness questionnaire measures whether individuals have either been diagnosed or treated for a diversity of health problems. The wellness items can exist viewed separately or as a composite index. On a sample of 437 SMU undergraduates (come across Watson & Pennebaker, 1989), the coefficient alpha for the full 63-item version of the SMU-HQ was .75. The coefficient alpha for the factor-analytically derived 13 item SMU-HQ Symptom calibration (described in Watson & Pennebaker, 1989) was .72.
*College Activities and Beliefs Questionnaire (CABQ). From Pennebaker, J.W., Colder, M., & Sharp, Fifty.M. (1990). Accelerating the coping process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 528-537. This questionnaire is a general inventory of objective behaviors and activities commonly performed by students. Virtually behaviors reflect social activity and health-related behaviors. Yous take my permission to use this questionnaire in whatsoever way you like.
*The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). From Pennebaker, J.W. & Susman, J.R. (1988). Disclosure of traumas and psychosomatic processes. Social Science and Medicine, 26, 327-332. A brief survey of half dozen early traumatic experiences (death, divorce, violence, sexual abuse, disease, or other) and ratings of the caste to which individuals confided the traumas. There is no psychometric information available for this questionnaire. The items are face valid. There is no scoring key for this questionnaire. Yous can score information technology any way that yous like. Experience gratuitous to modify the items in any fashion you prefer. Go alee and interpret information technology into any language. You practice not need my permission to utilise this. Y'all have my permission to employ this questionnaire in whatsoever way you like.
*Questionnaires from a typical writing study. From Pennebaker, J.West., Colder, M., & Sharp, L.K. (1990). Accelerating the coping process. Periodical of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 528-537. This file includes a group of questionnaires and other materials used in the Pennebaker et al (1990) experiment. Many of these items have been used in a diverseness of writing studies by our lab and the labs of others.
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